One of the most effective methods for degradation of aromatics is advanced oxidation processes, such as ozonation. The model compound was 4-nitro phenol that carried carried at pH (3), (7) and (9) under ozonation during 30 min. Ozonation of 4-nitro phenol was occurred where the Ozone concentration can be considered constant and analysis of concentration, UV Absorbance, COD and TOC and NO3- ions was mentioned during ozonation. Result show that the highest removing rate of 4-nitrophenol achieved at alkaline conditions, i.e., the indirect mechanism of hydroxyl radical attack on 4-nitro phenol.Among the by-products formed during the ozonation of 4-nitrophenol formed during ozonation was quinine.

Background and Objective: One of the most important problems of modern society is water pollution. Among these pollutants are organic dyes pollutant in industrial factories effluent, which the removal them is very important. The purpose of this study is to provide a solution to eliminate the methyl orange organic dye in industrial factories wastewater by Spark plasma. Material and Methodology: In this study, the decolorization and degradation of methyl orange solution were investigated by electrical discharge plasma method at the water-gas interface. The electrical discharge device used in the present work is spark type plasma with needle-plate electrode structure, with effective voltage 1-12 KV and constant frequency 13 KHz. Findings: The results show that decolorization and degradation of methyl orange dye solution begins at the air-gas-air interface, which can be due to ultraviolet radiation and production of OH radical and highly reactive species H2O2 at the air-gas interface. The effects of the discharge device parameters such as the applied voltage, electrode gap, treatment time and also chemical effects of the solution such as the concentration of the dye have a significant role on decolorization. The results showed that with increasing voltage and increasing treatment time, the amount of decolorization increases, and also by keep the electrical power of the device constant, the amount of decolorization decreases with increasing concentration. Selecting a distance of 2 cm between the electrodes, the highest amounts of decolorization in solution have been observed. Discussion and Conclusion: In this reactor, the initial pH has no significant effect on decolorization efficiency. Also, the highest decolorization rate of 99. 8% occurred at a concentration of 30 ppm, effective voltage 10 KV, electrode gap of 2 cm, initial pH = 3 and in 30 minutes treatment time.

Rangelands degradation is the most important problem of Iran natural resources, especially in these decade .In this research for determination of the quality and quantity of rangelands degradation,9 provinces distributed within 3 main zones of Henry Pabbot's climatic zones map of Iran territory, were selected. In these provinces, sample areas in each climatic zone were bounded on topographic maps. In the sample areas, converted rangelands to other usages, from 1955 to 1995 (40 years) and then, lost and converted rangelands clarified. Considerable decline in forage production of the rangelands were also well described by comparing dry matter yield in an enclosure and the fenced area. Results showed that 9.1% of the rangelands areas, during 40 years between 1955-1995 periods, had been disappeared. Rangelands degradation in semidesert zone with degradation index of 28.4% is lowest and in high-mountain zone with degradation index of 60.5% is the highest one. Degradation intensity in high-mountain zone is as twice as semi-desert zones. Average of degradation index for all the country zones, is 49.4% that revealed, about half of the production potential of the rangelands has been lost.

Degradation of pesticides after production and before usage can reduce efficiency and therefore make them unusable. Stockpile of these pesticides in the world is an environmental and health threat. Therefore the management of obsolete pesticides is essential around the world. This study investigated the possibility of recycling the expired pesticide stockpiles of agricultural supportive services company. Quality control tests were performed according to the FAO, CIPAC and pesticide manufacturers' guidelines. The results were classified based on the different groups of pesticides, physical state of pesticides formulation, producing companies, date of production and location of warehouses. Data were analyzed by Chi-Square test, in case of significance; the risk test was performed to determine the relative risk for the variables using SPSS-18 software. Result showed a no-significant correlation between the time lagged after production of pesticides and percentage degradation of pesticides (r=0.427, n=10, P>0.01). The percent degradation of expired insecticides was highest and then the herbicides and finally the fungicides. The percent degradation of expired pesticides formulated in the country was 45% and those formulated in India/China were 58%. The results show that 55% of pesticides with liquid formulation and 29% with solid formulation were degraded. Considering the degradation rate of pesticides, there is no statistically significant differences between the warehouses atfour climatic regions (P>0.01).

In this study, we investigated the effect of different processing methods (steam-flaking, micronized and micronized-flaking; F, M, and MF, respectively) of corn grains on various factors including water absorption index (WAI), damaged starch content (DSC), nutrient digestibility, gas production (GP), microbial crude protein (MCP) and effective utilizable crude protein (EUCP). Flaked treatments (F and MF) were used in whole, cracked and ground forms (1.5- and 3-mm), while non-processed corn grains (G) and M were only ground. All MF treatments showed higher ruminal digestibility of dry matter (DM) and starch, GP, as well as increased MCP and EUCP compared to other treatments (P<0.001). The F treatment in the whole form and ground micronized corn showed significantly lower (P<0.001) ruminal digestibility of DM and starch, as well as GP and MCP. However, the above two treatments exhibited greater in vitro disappearances of DM and starch in the small intestine. It can be concluded that post-flaking of infrared radiated corn may induce severe ruminal degradation above that of steam flaking. Therefore, a flake density greater than 0.41 kg/L may be appropriate for micronized-flaked corn when used in its whole form to achieve optimum ruminal degradation and maximum digestibility of starch in the small intestine.

Land degradation, caused by natural process or human activities, negatively affects the functioning of the ecosystem. Moreover, land subsidence due to excessive exploitation of groundwater, is a sign of land degradation. The aim of the present study is to investigate the numerical impact of land subsidence on land degradation in 11 watersheds using the original IMDPA model and the developed model called IMDPAS. For this purpose, the land subsidence database obtained in 2017 was classified for the first time using related images. Then, the information layer of quantitative and qualitative groundwater parameters, including the level of depletion, electrical conductivity, and sodium absorption ratio was classified. By combining all the parameters, the final land degradation severity map was concluded. Comparing the classification of land degradation in the two models indicated a 42% increase in land degradation severity class, with 37% falling into the moderate to severe category. This highlights the importance of changes in classification for each case. Finally, with regard to the model under study, and given the lack of a reference for the subsidence rate criterion, it is suggested that the final classification for the whole of Iran be completed through ongoing monitoring.